[프로그래밍] TIOBE Index for January 2014

January Headline: Transact-SQL programming language of 2013!

Transact-SQL appears to be the biggest mover of 2013 and thus wins the TIOBE programming language award. Last year Transact-SQL won almost 1% of popularity (+0.98% to be precise), followed by Objective-C (+0.81%) and F# (+0.53%). It is a bit strange that Transact-SQL wins the award because its major application field, Microsoft's database engine SQLServer, is losing popularity. The general conclusion is that Transact-SQL won because actually not much happened in 2013. Former years the award winner gained many percent points in a year.

As we have seen the last decade, programming language popularity is largely influenced by external trends. The most important ones at the moment are mobile phone apps and web development. Android (mainly Java) and iOS (Objective-C) are the major mobile platforms, while Windows Phone (mainly C#) is catching up. In the web development market we don't see yet much happening despite all the HTML5 discussions. JavaScript should be the big winner but doesn't gain much popularity (quite stable around #9). JavaScript's alternatives are doing even much worse: CoffeeScript (#170), TypeScript (#205) and Dart (#124).

It is important to note that we changed the TIOBE index algorithm at the end of 2013. The two major changes are: 1. now much more search engines contribute to the TIOBE index based on their Alexa rankings and suitability to process data automatically, 2. in the past the sum of the ratings of the top 50 languages was 100%, now the sum of all languages is 100%. As a result most top languages dropped about 0.5%.

 

The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages. The index is updated once a month. The ratings are based on the number of skilled engineers world-wide, courses and third party vendors. Popular search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon, YouTube and Baidu are used to calculate the ratings. Observe that the TIOBE index is not about the best programming language or the language in which most lines of code have been written.

The index can be used to check whether your programming skills are still up to date or to make a strategic decision about what programming language should be adopted when starting to build a new software system. The definition of the TIOBE index can be found here.

Jan 2014	Jan 2013	Change	Programming Language	Ratings	Change
1	1		C	17.871%	+0.02%
2	2		Java	16.499%	-0.92%
3	3		Objective-C	11.098%	+0.82%
4	4		C++	7.548%	-1.59%
5	5		C#	5.855%	-0.34%
6	6		PHP	4.627%	-0.92%
7	7		(Visual) Basic	2.989%	-1.76%
8	8		Python	2.400%	-1.77%
9	10		JavaScript	1.569%	-0.41%
10	22		Transact-SQL	1.559%	+0.98%
11	12		Visual Basic .NET	1.558%	+0.52%
12	11		Ruby	1.082%	-0.69%
13	9		Perl	0.917%	-1.35%
14	14		Pascal	0.780%	-0.15%
15	17		MATLAB	0.776%	+0.14%
16	45		F#	0.720%	+0.53%
17	21		PL/SQL	0.634%	+0.05%
18	35		D	0.627%	+0.33%
19	13		Lisp	0.604%	-0.35%
20	15		Delphi/Object Pascal	0.595%	-0.32%

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Other programming languages

The complete top 50 of programming languages is listed below. This overview is published unofficially, because it could be the case that we missed a language. If you have the impression there is a programming language lacking, please notify us at tpci@tiobe.com.

Position	Programming Language	Ratings
21	Logo	0.592
22	SAS	0.585
23	PostScript	0.520
24	Assembly	0.495
25	PL/I	0.488
26	ABAP	0.474
27	COBOL	0.461
28	Fortran	0.412
29	Lua	0.375
30	Ladder Logic	0.369
31	C shell	0.355
32	Tcl	0.351
33	Scala	0.337
34	RPG (OS/400)	0.337
35	Max/MSP	0.331
36	Go	0.326
37	OpenEdge ABL	0.310
38	ActionScript	0.308
39	ML	0.292
40	Ada	0.280
41	Common Lisp	0.275
42	cT	0.268
43	Haskell	0.265
44	R	0.252
45	JScript.NET	0.246
46	Emacs Lisp	0.242
47	Prolog	0.220
48	Modula-3	0.215
49	Scheme	0.213
50	S-PLUS	0.212

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The Next 50 Programming Languages

The following list of languages denotes #51 to #100. Since the differences are relatively small, the programming languages are only listed (in alphabetical order).

• (Visual) FoxPro, 4th Dimension/4D, Alice, ATLAS, Automator, Awk, Bash, bc, Bourne shell, C++/CLI, cg, CL (OS/400), Clean, DiBOL, Erlang, Factor, Forth, GNU Octave, Groovy, Icon, Inform, Informix-4GL, Io, J, J#, JavaFX Script, LabVIEW, M4, Magic, Mathematica, Modula-2, Moto, MS-DOS batch, NATURAL, NXT-G, PILOT, Processing, Programming Without Coding Technology, Pure Data, Q, S, Scratch, Seed7, Standard ML, TOM, VBScript, VHDL, X10, Xojo, Z shell

 

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This Month's Changes in the Index

This month the following changes have been made to the definition of the index:

• The composition of the TIOBE index is now completely dynamical. The search engines and weighing of search engines might differ from month to month. See the new TIOBE index definition page for more details.
• Now that the TIOBE index algorithms have been reimplemented, more interesting data mining is possible. Let us know your ideas and requests!
• Henrik Harmsen observed that the legend was not correctly generated for the long term trends. This has been fixed.
• There are lots of mails that still need to be processed. As soon as there is more time available your mail will be answered. Please be patient.

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Very Long Term History

To see the bigger picture, please find the positions of the top 10 programming languages of many years back. Please note that these are average positions for a period of 12 months.

Programming Language	2014	2009	2004	1999	1994	1989
C	1	2	2	1	1	1
Java	2	1	1	16	-	-
Objective-C	3	42	48	-	-	-
C++	4	3	3	2	2	4
C#	5	8	9	32	-	-
PHP	6	5	6	-	-	-
(Visual) Basic	7	4	5	3	3	7
Python	8	6	11	22	22	-
JavaScript	9	9	8	21	-	-
Perl	10	7	4	5	17	23
Lisp	14	18	15	10	7	2
Ada	23	21	16	17	6	3

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Programming Language Hall of Fame

The hall of fame listing all "Programming Language of the Year" award winners is shown below. The award is given to the programming language that has the highest rise in ratings in a year.

Year	Winner
2013	Transact-SQL
2012	Objective-C
2011	Objective-C
2010	Python
2009	Go
2008	C
2007	Python
2006	Ruby
2005	Java
2004	PHP
2003	C++

 

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Bugs & Change Requests

This is the top 5 of most requested changes and bugs. If you have any suggestions how to improve the index don't hesitate to send an e-mail to tpci@tiobe.com.

1. Apart from "<language> programming", also other queries such as "programming with <language>", "<language> development" and "<language> coding" should be tried out.
2. Add queries for other natural languages (apart from English). The idea is to start with the Chinese search engine Baidu. This has been implemented partially and will be completed the next few months.
3. Add a list of all search term requests that have been rejected. This is to minimize the number of recurring mails about Rails, JQuery, JSP, etc.
4. Start a TIOBE index for databases, software configuration management systems and application frameworks.
5. Some search engines allow to query pages that have been added last year. The TIOBE index should only track those recently added pages.

 

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

• Q: Am I allowed to show the TIOBE index in my weblog/presentation/publication?

  A: Yes, the only condition is to refer to its original source "www.tiobe.com".

• Q: How may I nominate a new language to be added to the TIOBE index?

  A: If a language meets the criteria of being listed (i.e. it is Turing complete and has an own Wikipedia entry that indicates that it concerns a programming language) and it is sufficiently popular (more than 25,000 hits for +"<language> programming" for Google), then please write an e-mail to tpci@tiobe.com.

• Q: I would like to have the complete data set of the TIOBE index. Is this possible?

  A: We spent a lot of effort to obtain all the data and keep the TIOBE index up to date. In order to compensate a bit for this, we ask a fee of 5,000 US$ for the complete data set. The data set runs from June 2001 till today. It started with 25 languages back in 2001, and now measures more than 150 languages once a month. The data are availabe in comma separated format. Please contact sales@tiobe.com for more information.

• Q: Why is the maximum taken to calculate the ranking for a grouping, why not the sum?

  A: Well, you can do it either way and both are wrong. If you take the sum, then you get the intersection twice. If you take the max, then you miss the difference. Which one to choose? Suppose somebody comes up with a new search term that is 10% of the original. If you take the max, nothing changes. If you take the sum then the ratings will rise 10%. So taking the sum will be an incentive for some to come up with all kinds of obscure terms for a language. That's why we decided to take the max.

  The proper way to solve this is is of course to take the sum and subtract the intersection. This will give rise to an explosion of extra queries that must be performed. Suppose a language has a grouping of 15 terms, then you have to perform 32,768 queries (all combinations of intersections). So this seems not possible either... If somebody has a solution for this, please let us know.

• Q: What happened to Java in April 2004? Did you change your methodology?

  A: No, we did not change our methodology at that time. Google changed its methodology. They performed a general sweep action to get rid of all kinds of web sites that had been pushed up. As a consequence, there was a huge drop for languages such as Java and C++. In order to minimize such fluctuations in the future, we added two more search engines (MSN and Yahoo) a few months after this incident.

• Q: Why is YouTube used as a search engine for the TIOBE index?

  A: First of all, YouTube counts for less than 10% of all ratings, so it has hardly any influence on the index. YouTube has been added as an experiment. It qualified for the TIOBE index because of its high ranking on Alexa. YouTube is a young platform (so an indicator for popularity) and there are quite some lectures, presentations, programming tips and language introductions available on YouTube.

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